Los combustibles fósiles son una fuente de energía que proviene de restos orgánicos descompuestos a lo largo de millones de años bajo la superficie terrestre. Este tipo de recurso energético, principalmente en forma de carbón, petróleo y gas natural, ha sido una piedra angular de la revolución industrial y continúa siendo una fuente predominante de energía en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, el uso extensivo de los combustibles fósiles viene con un alto costo ambiental debido a sus altas emisiones de carbono y otras consecuencias negativas asociadas.
Para generar electricidad a partir de combustibles fósiles, se queman estos materiales en plantas de energía para calentar agua, produciendo vapor. Este vapor gira turbinas que luego generan electricidad. Aunque este proceso es efectivo para producir grandes cantidades de energía, su eficiencia general varía y está acompañada de significativas emisiones de dióxido de carbono, lo que contribuye al cambio climático. Dependiendo del tipo de combustible fósil, la intensidad de carbono puede variar entre 490 gCO2eq/kWh en caso del gas, hasta 820 gCO2eq/kWh en el caso del carbón.
A pesar de sus elevadas emisiones de carbono en comparación con fuentes de electricidad baja en carbono como la energía eólica (11 gCO2eq/kWh), nuclear (12 gCO2eq/kWh) y solar (45 gCO2eq/kWh), los combustibles fósiles siguen generando más de la mitad de la electricidad consumida a nivel mundial. Este predominio es particularmente notable en países como Bahrein, Qatar, Kuwait y Brunei, donde casi toda la electricidad proviene de fuentes fósiles. En Arabia Saudita, un 99% de la electricidad es generada por combustibles fósiles, subrayando su dependencia de este recurso para satisfacer las demandas de electricidad.
Por otra parte, apostar por tecnologías de energía baja en carbono como la energía nuclear, la energía eólica y la energía solar es clave para reducir las emisiones globales de carbono y avanzar hacia un futuro más limpio y sostenible. Estas opciones no solo generan electricidad sin emisiones significativas de carbono, sino que también ofrecen una fuente constante y fiable de energía que puede complementar y, eventualmente, sustituir a los combustibles fósiles en la matriz energética global.
País/Región | Vatios por persona | % | TWh |
---|---|---|---|
Baréin | 23169.8 W | 99.9% | 35.5 TWh |
Catar | 18915.2 W | 100.0% | 56.4 TWh |
Kuwait | 18401.3 W | 100.0% | 89.0 TWh |
Brunéi | 12627.0 W | 100.0% | 5.8 TWh |
Arabia Saudí | 12539.0 W | 98.6% | 417.1 TWh |
Emiratos Árabes Unidos | 11175.4 W | 72.0% | 118.9 TWh |
República de China (Taiwán) | 10256.2 W | 83.2% | 239.1 TWh |
Guam | 10048.9 W | 94.9% | 1.7 TWh |
Singapur | 9989.5 W | 98.0% | 57.8 TWh |
San Pedro y Miquelón | 8680.6 W | 100.0% | 0.1 TWh |
Omán | 8310.1 W | 100.0% | 42.0 TWh |
Nueva Caledonia | 7940.6 W | 83.2% | 2.3 TWh |
Bermudas | 7763.4 W | 100.0% | 0.5 TWh |
Aruba | 7700.0 W | 84.7% | 0.8 TWh |
Islas Vírgenes de EE. UU. | 7628.2 W | 97.1% | 0.7 TWh |
Israel | 7509.5 W | 90.1% | 68.4 TWh |
Estados Unidos | 7427.8 W | 58.2% | 2551.3 TWh |
Corea del Sur | 6534.5 W | 58.2% | 338.2 TWh |
Trinidad y Tobago | 6460.3 W | 99.9% | 9.7 TWh |
Australia | 6213.4 W | 61.7% | 164.4 TWh |
Islas Turcas y Caicos | 5668.3 W | 100.0% | 0.3 TWh |
Gibraltar | 5525.3 W | 100.0% | 0.2 TWh |
Bahamas | 5106.4 W | 100.0% | 2.0 TWh |
Japón | 5077.2 W | 65.3% | 631.5 TWh |
Rusia | 5058.6 W | 63.2% | 735.7 TWh |
Kazajistán | 4894.7 W | 85.5% | 99.5 TWh |
Islas Feroe | 4811.3 W | 61.9% | 0.3 TWh |
RAE de Hong Kong (China) | 4783.1 W | 73.6% | 35.7 TWh |
Puerto Rico | 4771.7 W | 97.8% | 15.5 TWh |
Turkmenistán | 4507.5 W | 100.0% | 32.6 TWh |
San Cristóbal y Nieves | 4493.8 W | 95.5% | 0.2 TWh |
Islas Vírgenes Británicas | 4433.5 W | 100.0% | 0.2 TWh |
Malasia | 4322.1 W | 80.8% | 151.8 TWh |
Seychelles | 4222.0 W | 85.5% | 0.5 TWh |
Libia | 4190.3 W | 97.2% | 30.3 TWh |
República Popular China | 4178.9 W | 61.8% | 5944.9 TWh |
Irán | 4080.4 W | 94.4% | 369.7 TWh |
Antigua y Barbuda | 3661.8 W | 94.4% | 0.3 TWh |
Barbados | 3577.5 W | 92.7% | 1.0 TWh |
Bielorrusia | 3557.1 W | 84.5% | 32.6 TWh |
Samoa Americana | 3514.9 W | 94.4% | 0.2 TWh |
Nauru | 3383.8 W | 100.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Curazao | 3381.2 W | 70.9% | 0.6 TWh |
Malta | 3336.3 W | 85.7% | 1.8 TWh |
Serbia | 3314.4 W | 64.8% | 22.4 TWh |
Martinica | 3170.2 W | 74.2% | 1.1 TWh |
Chipre | 3079.1 W | 76.5% | 4.1 TWh |
Sudáfrica | 3059.7 W | 83.1% | 193.4 TWh |
Países Bajos | 2995.6 W | 46.1% | 54.2 TWh |
Canadá | 2946.7 W | 19.3% | 115.8 TWh |
Irlanda | 2907.7 W | 43.4% | 15.1 TWh |
Polonia | 2800.2 W | 68.1% | 108.5 TWh |
Guadalupe | 2755.8 W | 66.3% | 1.1 TWh |
Azerbaiyán | 2632.3 W | 93.6% | 27.1 TWh |
Irak | 2561.3 W | 94.8% | 112.9 TWh |
Reunión | 2557.4 W | 71.8% | 2.2 TWh |
Chequia | 2514.7 W | 38.9% | 27.2 TWh |
Grecia | 2376.2 W | 47.8% | 24.3 TWh |
Tailandia | 2366.2 W | 73.1% | 169.7 TWh |
Groenlandia | 2320.8 W | 23.2% | 0.1 TWh |
Mongolia | 2284.4 W | 90.8% | 7.8 TWh |
Bosnia y Herzegovina | 2235.6 W | 64.7% | 7.1 TWh |
Montserrat | 2234.1 W | 100.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Mauricio | 2217.6 W | 80.6% | 2.8 TWh |
Santa Lucía | 2181.3 W | 100.0% | 0.4 TWh |
El Mundo | 2141.2 W | 58.9% | 17325.8 TWh |
Montenegro | 2110.8 W | 30.3% | 1.3 TWh |
Granada | 2052.5 W | 96.0% | 0.2 TWh |
Turquía | 2006.4 W | 52.7% | 175.1 TWh |
México | 1997.2 W | 74.2% | 259.1 TWh |
Uzbekistán | 1997.2 W | 89.1% | 69.8 TWh |
Dominica | 1944.7 W | 76.5% | 0.1 TWh |
Argelia | 1924.0 W | 99.2% | 87.5 TWh |
Alemania | 1872.0 W | 33.8% | 158.3 TWh |
República Dominicana | 1848.9 W | 83.0% | 20.9 TWh |
Macedonia del Norte | 1798.1 W | 59.6% | 3.3 TWh |
Bulgaria | 1742.7 W | 32.3% | 11.8 TWh |
Surinam | 1733.1 W | 51.7% | 1.1 TWh |
Eslovenia | 1725.5 W | 22.7% | 3.7 TWh |
Italia | 1712.8 W | 38.6% | 101.9 TWh |
Egipto | 1705.5 W | 88.7% | 195.3 TWh |
Vietnam | 1697.0 W | 56.5% | 170.3 TWh |
Polinesia Francesa | 1676.2 W | 67.1% | 0.5 TWh |
Laos | 1641.8 W | 27.0% | 12.4 TWh |
Argentina | 1627.3 W | 51.6% | 74.1 TWh |
Moldavia | 1624.4 W | 87.1% | 5.0 TWh |
Estonia | 1615.0 W | 38.6% | 2.2 TWh |
Líbano | 1584.1 W | 86.7% | 9.1 TWh |
Cuba | 1572.4 W | 95.3% | 17.4 TWh |
Túnez | 1540.9 W | 98.3% | 18.8 TWh |
Maldivas | 1507.3 W | 92.9% | 0.8 TWh |
Jordania | 1498.7 W | 76.4% | 16.9 TWh |
Nueva Zelanda | 1427.3 W | 16.6% | 7.4 TWh |
UE | 1424.4 W | 24.9% | 641.9 TWh |
Jamaica | 1398.3 W | 86.5% | 4.0 TWh |
Chile | 1365.5 W | 30.0% | 26.8 TWh |
Guyana | 1363.1 W | 98.2% | 1.1 TWh |
Islas Cook | 1356.2 W | 50.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Armenia | 1322.5 W | 43.4% | 3.8 TWh |
San Vicente y las Granadinas | 1273.7 W | 76.5% | 0.1 TWh |
Reino Unido | 1246.1 W | 29.0% | 85.6 TWh |
Botsuana | 1073.8 W | 61.1% | 2.6 TWh |
Guayana Francesa | 1057.9 W | 30.7% | 0.3 TWh |
Indonesia | 1015.0 W | 81.2% | 285.4 TWh |
India | 1010.9 W | 76.2% | 1453.7 TWh |
Bélgica | 984.5 W | 14.0% | 11.5 TWh |
España | 952.8 W | 17.6% | 45.6 TWh |
Hungría | 932.5 W | 20.1% | 9.0 TWh |
Croacia | 926.4 W | 22.4% | 3.6 TWh |
Georgia | 924.5 W | 23.1% | 3.5 TWh |
Dinamarca | 922.8 W | 15.9% | 5.5 TWh |
Rumanía | 900.0 W | 32.4% | 17.2 TWh |
Marruecos | 890.7 W | 75.1% | 33.6 TWh |
Letonia | 851.2 W | 23.1% | 1.6 TWh |
Filipinas | 805.3 W | 78.4% | 92.5 TWh |
Ucrania | 780.0 W | 28.2% | 32.0 TWh |
Siria | 715.9 W | 95.4% | 16.1 TWh |
Perú | 704.7 W | 40.0% | 23.9 TWh |
Cabo Verde | 692.6 W | 83.7% | 0.4 TWh |
Venezuela | 669.2 W | 22.3% | 18.9 TWh |
Tonga | 666.3 W | 87.5% | 0.1 TWh |
Panamá | 661.2 W | 21.8% | 2.9 TWh |
Austria | 651.9 W | 8.2% | 6.0 TWh |
Colombia | 649.1 W | 37.4% | 34.0 TWh |
Bolivia | 639.5 W | 66.8% | 7.8 TWh |
Samoa | 603.9 W | 68.4% | 0.1 TWh |
Santo Tomé y Príncipe | 574.4 W | 92.9% | 0.1 TWh |
Ecuador | 568.4 W | 28.1% | 10.2 TWh |
Gabón | 567.7 W | 47.3% | 1.4 TWh |
Eslovaquia | 550.6 W | 10.1% | 3.0 TWh |
Guinea Ecuatorial | 548.9 W | 67.3% | 1.0 TWh |
Congo | 513.7 W | 77.5% | 3.1 TWh |
Bangladés | 497.1 W | 82.2% | 85.2 TWh |
El Salvador | 489.7 W | 38.6% | 3.1 TWh |
Portugal | 476.8 W | 8.2% | 5.0 TWh |
Fiyi | 456.8 W | 40.4% | 0.4 TWh |
Ghana | 448.0 W | 66.0% | 14.8 TWh |
Honduras | 424.3 W | 36.3% | 4.4 TWh |
RAE de Macao (China) | 411.7 W | 5.1% | 0.3 TWh |
Finlandia | 411.5 W | 2.8% | 2.3 TWh |
Brasil | 376.8 W | 10.8% | 79.6 TWh |
Timor-Leste | 372.5 W | 100.0% | 0.5 TWh |
Corea del Norte | 356.6 W | 42.1% | 9.4 TWh |
Papúa Nueva Guinea | 354.8 W | 74.9% | 3.6 TWh |
Senegal | 326.3 W | 71.2% | 5.8 TWh |
Sri Lanka | 323.0 W | 46.0% | 7.4 TWh |
Noruega | 295.3 W | 1.0% | 1.6 TWh |
Francia | 289.3 W | 3.6% | 19.2 TWh |
Lituania | 288.3 W | 8.6% | 0.8 TWh |
Kirguistán | 280.3 W | 12.0% | 1.9 TWh |
Costa Rica | 270.3 W | 10.8% | 1.4 TWh |
Côte d’Ivoire | 252.3 W | 69.0% | 7.7 TWh |
Camboya | 252.3 W | 35.1% | 4.3 TWh |
Mauritania | 244.1 W | 63.0% | 1.2 TWh |
Guatemala | 239.8 W | 32.4% | 4.3 TWh |
Pakistán | 231.5 W | 46.3% | 57.3 TWh |
Kiribati | 229.9 W | 100.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Sáhara Occidental | 227.9 W | 100.0% | 0.1 TWh |
Tayikistán | 218.0 W | 10.6% | 2.2 TWh |
Nicaragua | 200.6 W | 25.5% | 1.4 TWh |
Gambia | 193.4 W | 100.0% | 0.5 TWh |
Vanuatu | 191.7 W | 85.7% | 0.1 TWh |
Zimbabue | 181.7 W | 27.3% | 2.9 TWh |
Comoras | 167.8 W | 100.0% | 0.1 TWh |
Myanmar (Birmania) | 153.0 W | 45.6% | 8.3 TWh |
Belice | 149.0 W | 10.2% | 0.1 TWh |
Sudán | 135.9 W | 35.7% | 6.7 TWh |
Territorios Palestinos | 135.7 W | 9.4% | 0.7 TWh |
Islas Salomón | 128.0 W | 100.0% | 0.1 TWh |
Angola | 118.7 W | 25.0% | 4.2 TWh |
Yibuti | 114.3 W | 20.3% | 0.1 TWh |
Camerún | 110.7 W | 37.7% | 3.1 TWh |
Eritrea | 108.5 W | 97.4% | 0.4 TWh |
Zambia | 107.2 W | 11.1% | 2.2 TWh |
Nigeria | 106.2 W | 75.4% | 24.2 TWh |
Mozambique | 102.6 W | 17.6% | 3.4 TWh |
Luxemburgo | 98.4 W | 1.4% | 0.1 TWh |
Mali | 98.0 W | 57.5% | 2.3 TWh |
Tanzania | 94.0 W | 66.3% | 6.1 TWh |
Benín | 80.7 W | 61.0% | 1.1 TWh |
Haití | 78.2 W | 86.5% | 0.9 TWh |
Togo | 72.6 W | 39.3% | 0.7 TWh |
Guinea | 72.6 W | 33.6% | 1.0 TWh |
Yemen | 61.5 W | 79.7% | 2.4 TWh |
Sudán del Sur | 54.4 W | 96.8% | 0.6 TWh |
Madagascar | 49.0 W | 63.1% | 1.5 TWh |
Liberia | 48.4 W | 32.9% | 0.3 TWh |
Guinea-Bisáu | 38.0 W | 100.0% | 0.1 TWh |
Ruanda | 33.0 W | 45.0% | 0.5 TWh |
Esuatini | 32.8 W | 2.7% | 0.0 TWh |
Uruguay | 29.5 W | 0.7% | 0.1 TWh |
Níger | 29.2 W | 37.8% | 0.7 TWh |
Burkina Faso | 23.5 W | 22.8% | 0.5 TWh |
Somalia | 19.1 W | 89.5% | 0.3 TWh |
Chad | 17.9 W | 94.3% | 0.3 TWh |
Namibia | 17.3 W | 1.3% | 0.1 TWh |
Kenia | 16.8 W | 6.7% | 0.9 TWh |
Burundi | 9.0 W | 26.1% | 0.1 TWh |
Islandia | 6.5 W | 0.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Malaui | 3.9 W | 5.9% | 0.1 TWh |
Afganistán | 3.2 W | 1.9% | 0.1 TWh |
Uganda | 1.3 W | 1.1% | 0.1 TWh |
Sierra Leona | 1.2 W | 5.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Suecia | 0.4 W | 0.0% | 0.0 TWh |
Etiopía | 0.1 W | 0.1% | 0.0 TWh |