2% of global electricity is generated from Biofuels

Biofuels represent a form of energy derived from organic materials, such as plant matter and animal waste. These sources contain stored solar energy, accumulated through photosynthesis, which can be converted into liquid or gaseous fuels. Common types of biofuels include ethanol and biodiesel, which are used in transportation, heating, and increasingly in electricity generation. The process of utilizing biomass for energy is considered to be part of a natural carbon cycle, as the carbon dioxide released when the fuel is burned is partially offset by the carbon dioxide absorbed by the plants during their growth. As a result, biofuels are often categorized as a low-carbon energy source.

Biofuels power electricity generation through processes such as combustion or gasification. In a biomass power plant, organic materials are burned to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to an electric generator. Alternatively, anaerobic digestion can convert biomass into biogas, which can then be used in a manner similar to natural gas for electricity generation. The carbon intensity of electricity produced from biofuels averages at 230 gCO2eq/kWh. This is significantly lower than coal, which averages 820 gCO2eq/kWh, and oil, which averages 650 gCO2eq/kWh, making biofuels a cleaner option compared to traditional fossil fuels, although still higher when compared to other low-carbon sources like wind and nuclear.

One of the key advantages of employing biofuels in electricity generation is their reduced carbon intensity compared to conventional fossil fuels. While coal and oil release a substantial amount of carbon dioxide during combustion, biofuels offer a more sustainable alternative with a lower overall carbon footprint. While not as low-carbon as wind, solar, and nuclear — with carbon intensities of 11 gCO2eq/kWh, 45 gCO2eq/kWh, and 12 gCO2eq/kWh respectively — biofuels still play a role in reducing the emissions associated with electricity generation.

Biofuels currently account for about 1.78% of global electricity consumption, illustrating their role as a notable contributor to the electricity mix. In specific regions, the reliance on biofuels for electricity is even more pronounced. For example, Finland generates around 10% of its electricity from biofuels, while Denmark reaches about 13%. In the Caribbean territories of Martinique and Guadeloupe, biofuels provide 17% and 15% of electricity, respectively. In Germany, approximately 9% of electricity derives from biofuels. This regional utilization showcases their potential in the broader portfolio of sustainable energy resources alongside other key low-carbon technologies.

The pursuit of low-carbon technologies is driven by the imperative to address climate change and minimize air pollution. Energy sources like nuclear, wind, and solar, alongside biofuels, contribute to a diversified and sustainable energy portfolio. By focusing on wind, nuclear, and solar energy, countries can harness green and sustainable technologies with minimal carbon emissions, ensuring both ecological and economic benefits for future generations and helping mitigate the negative impacts of relying on fossil fuels. These sources provide a pathway to cleaner electricity, enhancing energy security and promoting a sustainable energy transition for the future.