As of 2024, the European Union's electricity consumption predominantly relies on low-carbon sources, with more than 70% of its electricity coming from clean energy. Nuclear power plays a significant role, contributing almost a quarter of the EU's electricity generation. Wind and hydropower follow, collectively accounting for approximately one-third of the total electricity produced. Solar energy is also a key player, generating more than a tenth of the electricity. In contrast, fossil fuels, which include gas and coal, supply less than 30% of the EU's electricity, with coal providing a little over 11% and gas about 16%. In total, this mix demonstrates the EU's strong commitment to low-carbon energy, significantly curtailing emissions and combatting climate change.
Is Electricity Growing in EU?
Despite the promising low-carbon generation, electricity consumption in the EU has remained unchanged since it last peaked in 1980 at 0 kWh per person, neither increasing nor decreasing. Similarly, the low-carbon electricity generation remains at the same level it was in 1980, showing no progress. This stagnation is concerning, particularly given the pressing need to transition toward electrification and to support emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. The lack of growth in electricity consumption highlights a potential barrier to future development and innovation in the EU region.
Suggestions
To further enhance its low-carbon electricity generation, the EU should focus on expanding its existing nuclear, wind, and solar infrastructures. Learning from the exemplary performances of regions like France and Slovakia, where nuclear energy accounts for more than 60% of electricity generation, the EU could significantly boost its nuclear capacity. Furthermore, taking inspiration from countries like Denmark and Iowa, where wind power contributes over 50%, the EU should strengthen its commitment to wind energy. Solar energy, as showcased by Lebanon's 31% generation share, presents another promising area for growth. By adopting and scaling the best practices from these regions, the EU can effectively increase its low-carbon electricity generation.
History
Historically, the EU witnessed substantial growth in nuclear electricity in the 1980s, with notable increases recorded in 1981, 1983, 1984, and 1985. However, this upward trend faced interruptions with declines in the late 1980s and further setbacks in the early 21st century. The period from 2009 to 2020 was particularly challenging, marked by several significant decreases in nuclear output. The recent history also reflects volatility in hydropower generation, as seen in 1989, 2002, 2011, and 2017, although some recovery was observed in subsequent years. On a positive note, solar and wind energy showed promising growth in the 2020s, with meaningful increases in 2022 to 2024. These changes underscore the need for a focused strategy on expanding reliable low-carbon energy sources like nuclear and solar to secure a sustainable electricity future in the EU.