As of 2022, electricity consumption patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa reveal a significant reliance on fossil fuels, which make up more than half of the total electricity generation. Coal is a major contributor within the fossil fuel category, accounting for a little over 40% of the electricity produced. On the brighter side, low-carbon or clean energy sources are gradually making their mark, contributing to slightly more than a third of the electricity consumption in the region. Among these clean energy sources, hydropower leads the way, providing nearly 29% of the electricity needs. Gas, wind, and solar together add up to around 19%, with solar and wind making modest contributions at about 2% each. Nuclear and geothermal energy contribute minor shares, underlining a significant opportunity for expansion in these zero-carbon sources.
Is Electricity Growing in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Regrettably, the growth of electricity consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa appears stagnant, with the 2022 total electricity consumption remaining at 0 kWh per person, unchanged from the previous peak in 2012. This stagnation mirrors the scenario in low-carbon electricity generation as well, which also saw no growth over the decade, staying at 0 kWh per person compared to the record year of 2012. This lack of growth in both total and low-carbon electricity generation is concerning since increased access to electricity, particularly clean electricity, is essential for improving living standards and addressing pressing environmental challenges such as climate change.
Suggestions
To enhance low-carbon electricity generation, Sub-Saharan Africa can draw inspiration from successful regions like France, Iowa, and Lebanon. France's substantial use of nuclear energy, powering nearly 70% of its electricity, is a clear testament to the potential of nuclear power as a reliable and sustainable energy source. Similarly, Iowa's impressive wind energy utilization, which accounts for 62% of its electricity, highlights wind power as a viable option. Notably, Lebanon's incorporation of solar energy, generating 31% of its electricity, illustrates the promising future of solar energy in regions with ample sunlight, similar to many areas in Africa. By leveraging these examples, Sub-Saharan Africa can significantly enhance its low-carbon electricity footprint, creating a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.
History
The history of low-carbon electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa has seen fluctuations over the years, with notable increases in hydropower and occasional boosts in nuclear and wind energy. From 2013 to 2022, hydropower consistently showed growth, particularly between 2013 and 2014, with significant expansions again in 2017 and 2022. Wind energy also demonstrated gradual progress, with notable growth in 2015 and 2019. Unfortunately, nuclear energy has experienced some setbacks, particularly in 2018 and 2020, despite earlier progress in 2016. Encouragingly, 2021 saw positive contributions from all low-carbon categories, including solar. Looking ahead, it is crucial for Sub-Saharan Africa to sustain and accelerate these positive trends, especially in nuclear and solar power, to secure a cleaner energy future.