Electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2022
In 2022, the electricity consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa was predominantly derived from fossil fuels, with over 60% of the region's electricity generated from these sources. Coal made up the lion's share of this, accounting for roughly 40%, while gas contributed about 14%. On the low-carbon front, approximately 37% of the region's electricity was generated from clean sources. Hydropower was the most significant within this category, contributing nearly 29%, making it a vital component of the low-carbon mix. Wind and solar energies each added a modest share of around 2-3%, while nuclear and other sources like geothermal and biofuels accounted for roughly 2% each. These figures highlight a pressing need to increase the share of low-carbon electricity to diversify the energy mix and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, which contribute to climate change and air pollution.
Suggestions
Sub-Saharan Africa has ample opportunity to expand its low-carbon electricity generation by learning from successful international practices. Nuclear energy's success in countries such as France and Slovakia, where it accounts for more than half of the electricity, showcases its potential as a reliable and substantial source of clean energy. The region could develop its nuclear capabilities, ensuring strict safety regulations and international cooperation. Wind energy also offers valuable lessons; Denmark, for instance, generates over half of its electricity from wind power, proving its feasibility even in regions with different geographic profiles. Solar energy advancements in countries like Lebanon, where solar accounts for nearly a third of the electricity, and in Cape Verde with contributions of nearly 14%, demonstrate its potential in regions with ample sunlight, as many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa have. By investing in these technologies, the region can increase its share of sustainable electricity.
History
Historically, the growth of low-carbon electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a series of changes. In the early 2010s, hydropower experienced gradual growth, with significant increases in 2014 and 2018, each adding more than 6 TWh of electricity. The mid-2010s saw the emergence of wind and solar power, as well as sporadic gains in nuclear energy. However, nuclear energy experienced significant setbacks towards the end of the decade, with notable declines in 2018 and 2020, illustrating challenges faced in maintaining its contribution. Meanwhile, hydropower consistently expanded over the last decade, with continued growth in 2020 and 2022. Wind and solar energy also saw expansion, especially in 2021, which marked a notable increase in their contribution to the region's electricity generation. While nuclear energy had a mixed trajectory with both advances and setbacks, consistent growth in wind and solar indicates the region's potential to further harness these sources for a sustainable energy future.