In Zimbabwe's 2023 electricity mix, low-carbon sources played a significant role, accounting for more than half of the nation's consumption at roughly 55%. Notably, hydropower was the predominant low-carbon source, supplying over 53%. The reliance on fossil fuels, specifically coal, was evident as it made up approximately 26% of electricity consumption. In addition, a substantial portion of electricity—about 19%—was obtained through net imports, which highlights Zimbabwe's partial dependence on external sources. Biofuels contributed a minor share of just over 1%, further underscoring the dominance of hydropower among the low-carbon sources. Overall, the nation’s electricity generation reveals a commendable tilt towards green energy, though reliance on fossil fuels and imports remains significant.
Is Electricity Growing in Zimbabwe?
Despite the prevailing focus on low-carbon generation, electricity consumption per person in Zimbabwe has experienced a downturn. As of 2023, electricity usage was 625 kWh per person, a significant decrease from the peak of 1102 kWh per person in 1987, marking a decline of 478 kWh per person. Low-carbon electricity generation also followed a similar trend, dipping from 568 kWh per person in 1980 to the current value of 343 kWh per person, a reduction of 225 kWh. These reductions signify a worrying decrease in both overall and clean electricity consumption on a per capita basis, suggesting a need for revitalization and growth to meet modern demands and sustainability goals.
Suggestions
To bolster its low-carbon electricity generation, Zimbabwe can draw insights from regions with successful initiatives. For example, as seen in France and Slovakia where nuclear power contributes significantly, Zimbabwe could explore the potential of nuclear energy generation. Furthermore, regions such as Iowa and South Dakota have effectively harnessed wind power, showcasing a model that Zimbabwe might emulate given its own wind potential. Similarly, countries like Greece and Lebanon have demonstrated significant progress with solar energy, which Zimbabwe, blessed with abundant sunshine, could capitalize on. By investing in nuclear and solar energy infrastructure, Zimbabwe can enhance its electricity generation capacity, move towards greater energy independence, and further reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
History
Zimbabwe's history with low-carbon electricity generation shows notable shifts over the decades. During the 1980s and early 1990s, hydropower faced fluctuations, with significant declines in 1982 and 1987 but a positive turnaround by the end of the decade in 1990. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw a more consistent increase, with notable increments in 1999, 2002, and 2003. However, challenges returned with sharp decreases post-2010, particularly in 2016. The year 2021 marked a noteworthy boost with the highest increase seen in years, yet a slight dip followed in 2023. This historical overview underscores an overall trajectory of ups and downs, emphasizing the need for a stable and consistent approach in expanding sustainable low-carbon energy solutions in Zimbabwe's electricity mix.
Electrification
We estimate the degree of electrification by comparing electricity and total energy emissions. More about methodology.