France has achieved an impressive milestone, with more than 94% of its electricity generated from low-carbon sources. This includes a substantial contribution from nuclear energy, which delivers about two-thirds of the country’s electricity. Additionally, hydropower accounts for around 12%, while wind energy contributes nearly 8%. This strong reliance on clean electricity not only supports France’s domestic needs but also positions the nation as a key net exporter of electricity, assisting neighboring regions in their efforts to lower emissions. However, to meet future demands, especially in the sectors of transportation, heating, and industry, France will need to significantly expand its electricity production.
Is Electricity Growing in France?
Despite the enviable numbers, total electricity consumption per person in France has seen a decline over the years. In 2024, consumption was 8,371 kWh per person, which is a decrease of over 1,000 kWh from the historic high of 9,384 kWh per person recorded in 2004. Low-carbon electricity generation per person has also decreased, albeit more modestly, by approximately 540 kWh since it peaked in 2004. These reductions indicate a concerning trend, especially given the necessity for increased clean energy to support further electrification and to mitigate the adverse effects of fossil fuels such as climate change and air pollution.
Suggestions
To counteract this decline and meet future electricity needs, France is well-positioned to expand its low-carbon electricity generation, particularly through its existing nuclear infrastructure which has been a backbone of its clean energy mix. Increasing nuclear capacity would not only leverage France's expertise in this technology but also ensure stable and reliable energy supply. Alongside nuclear, expanding solar energy can provide additional support to meet growing demands. By prioritizing these green and sustainable sources, France can continue its leadership in clean electricity generation and ensure it meets future demands driven by electrification and technological advancements.
History
The history of low-carbon electricity in France is marked by significant growth, especially during the nuclear expansion from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. The early 1980s saw marked increases in nuclear electricity generation, with notable boosts in the early and mid-decade. However, the late 2000s and 2010s witnessed declines, with 2009 and 2016 seeing noticeable reductions in nuclear output. More recently, 2020 brought further decreases, although by 2021 there was a notable recovery. The year 2022 saw a significant drop, but it was followed by commendable growth in both 2023 and 2024. These fluctuations highlight the critical need for stable and increasing low-carbon electricity production to maintain France's leadership in clean energy technology.
Electrification
We estimate the degree of electrification by comparing electricity and total energy emissions. More about methodology.