In 2023, Eswatini's electricity consumption profile shows a heavy reliance on net imports, which account for more than half, at roughly 62%, of the total electric supply. Among the domestically generated electricity, low-carbon energy sources make up about 36% of the mix. Hydropower leads this section, contributing to around 20%. Biofuel sources add another 14%, and solar energy provides a modest 2% to the clean energy mix. Fossil fuels, specifically coal, make up a mere 1% of the electricity generation. Eswatini, therefore, has a predominantly low-carbon electricity generation profile, with fossil fuel dependency being minimal, yet its reliance on imports indicates potential areas for self-sufficiency growth.
Data sources used on this page include EIA, Ember and Enerdata. More about data sources →
Is Electricity Growing in Eswatini?
Despite Eswatini's existing capability to generate electricity, overall consumption has declined. In 2023, each person used approximately 1,211 kWh, a significant decrease from the 2007 peak of 1,550 kWh per person. This decline indicates that electricity consumption is not currently growing in Eswatini—it is actually 22% lower than the all-time high. Even low-carbon generation has diminished compared to past achievements. In 2001, low-carbon electricity reached a significant milestone of 657 kWh per person, but the 2023 figure of 439 kWh per person represents a 33% decrease. This trend is a matter of concern as it signals setbacks in both total and low-carbon electricity consumption.
Suggestions
To address these declines and increase low-carbon electricity generation, Eswatini can draw lessons from regions with successful clean energy implementation. For instance, France and Slovakia have effectively leveraged nuclear technology, contributing to more than two-thirds of their electricity generation from this source. Adopting a similar nuclear strategy could be crucial for Eswatini to enhance its self-reliance and low-carbon output. Additionally, solar energy deployment can be increased by emulating states and countries like Nevada and California, where solar energy makes up about one-third of their electricity generation. By focusing on development in solar and nuclear infrastructure, Eswatini can promise a cleaner, more independent, and robust electricity sector.
History
Reviewing the historical evolution of low-carbon electricity in Eswatini, there are noteworthy fluctuations. In the early 2000s, investments in biofuels were apparent, with a moderate decrease post-2009. Hydropower saw minor shifts; notable increases occurred in 2005, 2013, 2017, and 2018. However, these were balanced by declines in 2003, 2014, and 2015. Despite these setbacks, biofuels did see a small rise in 2006, although following years fluctuated with reductions evident by 2011. Hydropower’s steadier moments, like from 2009 to 2012, hint at opportunities for stabilization and growth. This fluctuating trajectory underscores the need for strategic investment and development, particularly in scaling other more stable low-carbon sources like nuclear and solar energy to meet future demands effectively.
