In 2023, Indonesia’s electricity consumption largely depends on fossil fuels, with these accounting for more than four-fifths of total consumption. Coal alone represents more than 60% of the electricity generated, making it the dominant fossil fuel. Gas and oil contribute smaller shares at approximately 17% and less than 2%, respectively. Low-carbon energy, though minor in comparison, provides an important foundation for Indonesia's green energy future, covering close to one-fifth of the country’s electricity needs. Among these sources, hydropower leads with around 7%, followed closely by biofuels, and geothermal energy, which together comprise the low-carbon sector.
Data sources used on this page include EIA, Ember, IEA and World Bank. More about data sources →
Is Electricity Growing in Indonesia?
Electricity consumption in Indonesia is on an upward trajectory. Recent data from 2023 indicates that the nation's electricity use per person stands at approximately 1,250 kWh, reflecting an increase from the previous year’s record of 1,199 kWh. This rise of 51 kWh per person suggests growing access to and utilization of electricity across the country. However, the share of low-carbon electricity per capita has slightly decreased, down by 3 kWh from 235 kWh to 232 kWh. While the overall consumption is increasing, it's crucial for Indonesia to focus on expanding its clean energy output to maintain this growth sustainably.
Suggestions
To strengthen its low-carbon electricity generation, Indonesia could draw lessons from countries excelling in solar and nuclear power. Given Indonesia’s solar potential, following examples like California and Chile, where solar contributes significantly to the electricity mix—31% and 25%, respectively—could be strategic. Additionally, exploring nuclear power, as evidenced by France and Slovakia with nuclear accounting for over 65% of their electricity generation, could further enhance Indonesia's low-carbon infrastructure. The integration of these technologies is paramount for Indonesia's sustainable energy future, advancing the nation’s commitment to combating climate change and reducing air pollution.
History
Reflecting on Indonesia's low-carbon electricity history, hydropower has seen various fluctuations since the 1980s. From rises in the mid-1980s and sporadic declines, the 2010s marked growth spurts generally exceeding 3 TWh annually. Geothermal contributions began with a marked increase in the early 2000s and continued to develop over the years, notably with an increase in 2017. By the late 2010s, biofuels emerged prominently with a notable rise in 2018 before experiencing modest fluctuations. Recent years signal a need for more consistent progress, especially given the slight contraction in hydropower in 2023. With steadfast policies, Indonesia can pave the way toward an increased share of sustainable, low-carbon electricity generation.
