Nucléaire ⚡ Understand Energy with Data

Qu'est ce que l'Nucléaire ?

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat. The heat is used to turn a steam turbine, which turns a generator, which in turn generates electricity. Most electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium.

Nuclear energy has been used since the 1950s. France gets 66.4% of its electricity from nuclear power. Nuclear energy was the principal source of decarbonization in several countries in the 1970s and 80s, such as France which increased its nuclear generation from 7.6% in 1976 to 70% in 1986, and Belgium which increased from 0.3% in 1974 to 66.9% in 1986. It proves that large-scale low-carbon electricity production is economically possible.

Electricity from nuclear power is generated continuously and therefore does not require electricity storage or backup sources like intermittent energy sources do.

The share of nuclear in electricity worldwide peaked at 17.6% in 1996. Some countries such as Germany and Belgium are planning to shut down all of their nuclear power plants, while others like Mainland China and India are expanding their nuclear energy capacity.

L'Nucléaire est elle une source d'énergie bas carbone ?

Oui, grâce à ses faibles émissions sur tout son cycle de vie, l'énergie Nucléaire est considérée comme une source d'énergie bas carbone.

La médiane des émisions en cycle de vie de l'Nucléaire est de 12 gCO2eq/kWh. Where do our emissions numbers come from?

Éolien	11 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Nucléaire	12 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Énergie hydraulique	24 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Géothermique	38 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Solaire	45 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Bio-carburants	230 gCO2eq / kWh	Bas carbone
Gaz	490 gCO2eq / kWh	Carboné / énergie fossile
Fioul	650 gCO2eq / kWh	Carboné / énergie fossile
Charbon	820 gCO2eq / kWh	Carboné / énergie fossile

Nucléaire comparé aux autres sources d'électricité bas carbone

Principale source d'électricité de Nucléaire

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What are the pros of Nuclear energy?

When it comes to reducing global warming, nuclear power offers a number of advantages.

Nuclear can help reduce global warming

First of all, nuclear power can generate large amounts of low-carbon electricity, which does not contribute to global warming. Indeed, it is a low-carbon energy source that emits very low levels of greenhouse gases (12 gCO2eq / kWh) unlike natural gas (490 gCO2eq / kWh) and coal (820 gCO2eq / kWh).

Nuclear generates electricity continuously (without intermittency)

Secondly, nuclear plants produce electricity in a continuous way and therefore do not require storage, as opposed to intermittent low-carbon energy sources such as solar and wind power that depend on daylight and meteorological conditions.

Nuclear has very low fuel costs

Third, nuclear reactors require very small amounts of enriched uranium to produce large amounts of electricity. While 1 kg of coal produces 8 kWh of heat, and 1 kg of oil produces 12 kWh, 1 kg of natural uranium generates 45,000 kWh. As a result, mining along with uranium cost is reduced and represents just 6% of the cost (https://www.euronuclear.org/glossary/fuel-comparison/).

Nuclear is cheap in the long-term

The average price of electricity produced by new nuclear reactors is 69 US$ / MWh according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), compared to 50 US$ / MWh for onshore wind, 56 US$ / MWh for solar, 71 US$ / MWh for gas and 88 US$ / MWh for coal.

Nevertheless, it is by extending the life of existing nuclear power plants that nuclear becomes the most economical way to produce low-carbon electricity, with an estimated average cost of 32 US$ / MWh.

Nuclear is well-known

Fourth, nuclear energy is a well-known technology that has been supplying low-carbon electricity in industrialized countries since the 1950s.

What are the cons of Nuclear energy?

Some radioactive waste must be stored for a very long time.

The most radioactive waste from nuclear reactors needs to be stored for several millennia. Underground disposal in stable geological layers can be a storage solution.

Major nuclear accidents can have catastrophic consequences.

According to OurWorldInData, nuclear energy is one of the safest energy sources in the world at just 0.07 deaths per TWh. It is 467 times safer than brown coal.

Nevertheless, nuclear accidents can have catastrophic consequences. Since the first nuclear reactors were built in 1954, there have been two Level 7 major nuclear accidents.

In Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a tsunami blocked the reactor cooling systems, resulting in a nuclear accident. While around 20,000 people died as a consequence of the tsunami, no official deaths or cancers have been associated with the nuclear accident. Nevertheless, the debate continues about potential links between the accident and thyroid cancer. An exclusion zone was set up around the plant and around 80,000 people were displaced.

In Chernobyl on April 26, 1986, the explosion of a nuclear reactor was caused by a series of human errors (incomplete documentation and lack of training of operators) during a safety test of the plant followed by a technical failure in the emergency shutdown mechanism of the plant. The number of deaths is still being debated. 30 people died during the accident, and an additional 16,000 people may have died from cancer caused by the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. An exclusion zone around the Ukrainian power plant was set up.

Évolutions significatives des sources d'énergies bas carbone grâce à Nucléaire

Région	Années	Évolution
France	1976 → 1986	31.2 → 88.1%
Corée du Sud	1982 → 1986	12.9 → 50%
Argentine	1977 → 1985	23 → 60%
Espagne	1981 → 1988	28.6 → 63.7%
Hongrie	1982 → 1988	0.6 → 33.7%
Arménie	1995 → 2002	39.9 → 71.4%
Finlande	1980 → 1983	41.3 → 67%
Belgique	1974 → 1977	1.2 → 26.5%
Special region: High Nucléaire (>26%), Low Wind And Solar (<13%)	1980 → 1987	41.2 → 70.8%
Belgique	1983 → 1988	47.7 → 68.4%
Slovaquie	1997 → 2002	52.5 → 72.7%
Roumanie	2003 → 2014	32.9 → 59.8%
Espagne	2005 → 2010	35.4 → 53.6%
Suède	1974 → 1981	76.5 → 95.8%
Tchéquie	2000 → 2013	22.4 → 47%
Allemagne	1974 → 1985	8.4 → 30.5%
Japon	1977 → 1985	19.8 → 38.3%
Hongrie	2003 → 2009	27.5 → 44%
Tchéquie	1985 → 1990	7 → 22.4%
Slovénie	2007 → 2014	59.4 → 76%
Special region: High Nucléaire (>13%), High Wind And Solar (>13%)	1980 → 1988	31.7 → 48.5%
Bulgarie	1986 → 1996	31 → 49.2%
Bulgarie	2006 → 2007	52.6 → 41.4%
EU	1980 → 1985	29.6 → 42.5%
Suède	2001 → 2003	96.1 → 85%
République Populaire de Chine	2011 → 2020	18.8 → 33.7%
Special region: High Wind And Solar (>26%), Low Nucléaire (<13%)	1980 → 1985	16.5 → 28.4%
Lituanie	1995 → 2005	90.5 → 75.5%
Mexique	2016 → 2021	18.6 → 29.8%
Royaume-Uni	1980 → 1993	13.5 → 28.3%
Japon	1998 → 2003	43.5 → 34%
Tchéquie	2016 → 2020	41.5 → 50.4%
Afrique du Sud	1983 → 1988	0.5 → 8.9%
États-Unis	1973 → 1983	18 → 27.1%
Japon	2006 → 2007	37.9 → 32.5%
Canada	2003 → 2020	71.6 → 83.5%
Iran	2008 → 2019	3.6 → 11.6%
France	1991 → 1997	86.5 → 92.1%
Inde	2015 → 2020	18 → 23%
Allemagne	1986 → 1988	28.4 → 32.4%
Slovénie	2016 → 2020	67 → 70.6%
États-Unis	1985 → 1990	27 → 30.8%
France	2013 → 2014	90.3 → 93.2%
Hongrie	2018 → 2019	41.7 → 44.4%
Afrique du Sud	1993 → 1998	5 → 8.2%
EU	1990 → 1997	43.9 → 47.2%
Special region: High Wind And Solar (>26%), Low Nucléaire (<13%)	1986 → 1993	26.4 → 29.4%
Suisse	1987 → 1988	97.3 → 99.3%